Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1 Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
2 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
3 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
4 Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) was the most common cancer in Iran, accounting for 12.9% of all incident cancer, and was the 5th leading cause of cancer death in 2020. The latest age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of breast cancer was 35.8 in Iran and is expected to increase to more than 70 per 100,000 by the end of 2030. Incidence of breast cancer had a clustering pattern in Iran, while central provinces had the highest ASIR (72 per 100,000 population), and South East provinces had the lowest ASIR (5-11 per 100,000 population). Numerous studies have shown that the peak incidence of breast cancer was occurred in the age group of 40-49 years in Iran. There has also been reported a rapid increase in the incidence in young women from different regions of the country. Known molecular and cellular processes involved in the development of breast cancer in Iranian BCs have been reported from various studies in recent decades, and the most well-known and prominent genes susceptible to breast cancer were BRCA1 and BRCA2. They acted as tumor suppressor genes and inherited mutations leading to chromosomal instability. However, non-coding RNAs, epigenetic alterations, signaling pathways, immune responses, and antioxidant-related genes are the main molecular processes associated with the progression of breast cancer among Iranian patients. While we are facing a significant increase in the incidence of breast cancer, with a lower survival rate, breast cancer is currently considered as one of the major health problems in Iran, which emphasizes the importance of providing and designing prevention and early detection program of breast cancer.
Keywords
Main Subjects
1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-49. [DOI:10.3322/caac.21660] [PMID]
2. Shamshirian A, Heydari K, Shams Z, Aref AR, Shamshirian D, Tamtaji OR, et al. Breast cancer risk factors in Iran: a systematic review & meta-analysis. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2020;41(4):20200021. [DOI:10.1515/hmbci-2020-0021] [PMID]
3. Kashyap D, Pal D, Sharma R, Garg VK, Goel N, Koundal D, et al. Global Increase in Breast Cancer Incidence: Risk Factors and Preventive Measures. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:9605439. [DOI:10.1155/2022/9605439] [PMID] [PMCID]
4. Lima SM, Kehm RD, Terry MB. Global breast cancer incidence and mortality trends by region, age-groups, and fertility patterns. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;38:100985. [DOI:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100985] [PMID] [PMCID]
5. Mubarik S, Yu Y, Wang F, Malik SS, Liu X, Fawad M, et al. Epidemiological and sociodemographic transitions of female breast cancer incidence, death, case fatality and DALYs in 21 world regions and globally, from 1990 to 2017: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. J Adv Res. 2022;37:185-96. [DOI:10.1016/j.jare.2021.07.012] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. Sharma R. Examination of incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years and risk factors of breast cancer in 49 Asian countries, 1990-2019: estimates from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2021;51(5):826-35. [DOI:10.1093/jjco/hyab004] [PMID]
7. Huang J, Chan PS, Lok V, Chen X, Ding H, Jin Y, et al. Global incidence and mortality of breast cancer: a trend analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2021;13(4):5748-803. [DOI:10.18632/aging.202502] [PMID] [PMCID]
8. Lei S, Zheng R, Zhang S, Wang S, Chen R, Sun K, et al. Global patterns of breast cancer incidence and mortality: A population-based cancer registry data analysis from 2000 to 2020. Cancer Commun (Lond). 2021;41(11):1183-94. [DOI:10.1002/cac2.12207] [PMID] [PMCID]
9. Luo C, Li N, Lu B, Cai J, Lu M, Zhang Y, et al. Global and regional trends in incidence and mortality of female breast cancer and associated factors at national level in 2000 to 2019. Chin Med J (Engl). 2021;135(1):42-51. [DOI:10.1097/CM9.0000000000001814] [PMID] [PMCID]
10. Dastgiri S, Bock GHd, Sanaat Z, Ranjkesh M, Abbasi Z, Jabbaripour P, et al. Acceptability and compliance with a breast cancer prevention campaign in the Northwest Region, Iran. Breast Cancer Manag. 2022;11(1):BMT62. [DOI:10.2217/bmt-2021-0004]
11. Masoudi N, Dastgiri S, Sanaat Z, Abbasi Z, Dolatkhah R. Barriers to breast cancer screening in Iranian females: a review article. Univ Med. 2022;41(1):79-89. [DOI:10.18051/UnivMed.2022.v41.79-89]
12. Omidi Z, Koosha M, Nazeri N, Khosravi N, Zolfaghari S, Haghighat S. Status of breast cancer screening strategies and indicators in Iran: A scoping review. J Res Med Sci. 2022;27:21. [DOI:10.4103/jrms.jrms_1390_20] [PMID] [PMCID]
13. Nozawa K, Hattori M, Yoshimura A, Iwata H. Clinical Utility of Precision Medicine in Early Breast Cancer: What Is the Optimal Framework to Develop Precision Medicine? J Clin Oncol. 2022:JCO2200153. [DOI:10.1200/JCO.22.00153] [PMID]
14. Tilli TM. Precision Medicine: Technological Impact into Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Decision Making. J Pers Med. 2021;11(12):1348. [DOI:10.3390/jpm11121348] [PMID] [PMCID]
15. Melnik I, Rapson Y, Gropstein A, Sharon E. [Different Approaches to Mammography as a Screening Tool for Breast Cancer]. Harefuah. 2022;161(2):121-4.
16. Singh J, Sangwan N, Chauhan A, Sarma P, Prakash A, Medhi B, et al. Screening and identification of phytochemical drug molecules against mutant BRCA1 receptor of breast cancer using computational approaches. Mol Cell Biochem. 2022;477(3):885-96. [DOI:10.1007/s11010-021-04338-4] [PMID]
17. French DP, Woof VG, Ruane H, Evans DG, Ulph F, Donnelly LS. The feasibility of implementing risk stratification into a national breast cancer screening programme: a focus group study investigating the perspectives of healthcare personnel responsible for delivery. BMC Womens Health. 2022;22(142):1-8. [DOI:10.1186/s12905-022-01730-0] [PMID] [PMCID]
18. Roshandel G, Ghanbari-Motlagh A, Partovipour E, Salavati F, Hasanpour-Heidari S, Mohammadi G, et al. Cancer incidence in Iran in 2014: Results of the Iranian National Population-based Cancer Registry. Cancer Epidemiol. 2019;61:50-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.canep.2019.05.009] [PMID]
19. Asadzadeh Vostakolaei F, Broeders MJ, Mousavi SM, Kiemeney LA, Verbeek AL. The effect of demographic and lifestyle changes on the burden of breast cancer in Iranian women: a projection to 2030. Breast. 2013;22(3):277-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.breast.2012.07.002] [PMID]
20. Ahmadi F, Farrokh-Eslamlou H, Yusefzadeh H, Alinia C. Incidence of household catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures among patients with Breast Cancer in Iran. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(327):1-9. [DOI:10.1186/s12913-021-06330-6] [PMID] [PMCID]
21. Eivazi-Ziaei J, Dastgiri S, Kermani IA, Nikanfar A, Esfahani A, Sanaat Z, et al. Age pattern of the occurrence of breast cancer in the northwest of Iran. Indian J Cancer. 2011;48(4):406-9. [DOI:10.4103/0019-509X.92256] [PMID]
22. Brand NR, Qu LG, Chao A, Ilbawi AM. Delays and Barriers to Cancer Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Oncologist. 2019;24(12):e1371-80. [DOI:10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0057] [PMID] [PMCID]
23. Qu LG, Brand NR, Chao A, Ilbawi AM. Interventions Addressing Barriers to Delayed Cancer Diagnosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Oncologist. 2020;25(9):e1382-95. [DOI:10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0804] [PMID] [PMCID]
24. Daroudi R, Akbari Sari A, Nahvijou A, Kalaghchi B, Najafi M, Zendehdel K. The Economic Burden of Breast Cancer in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44(9):1225-33.
25. Rezapour A, Nargesi S, Mezginejad F, Rashki Kemmak A, Bagherzadeh R. The Economic Burden of Cancer in Iran during 1995-2019: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(1):35-45. [DOI:10.18502/ijph.v50i1.5070] [PMID] [PMCID]
26. Sargazi N, Daroudi R, Zendehdel K, Hashemi FA, Tahmasebi M, Darrudi A, et al. Economic Burden of Gynecological Cancers in Iran. Value Health Reg Issues. 2022;28:1-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.vhri.2021.02.005] [PMID]
27. Sharifian A, Pourhoseingholi MA, Emadedin M, Rostami Nejad M, Ashtari S, Hajizadeh N, et al. Burden of Breast Cancer in Iranian Women is Increasing. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(12):5049-52. [DOI:10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.12.5049] [PMID]
28. Talei A, Tahmasebi S, Akrami M, Zangouri V, Rezaianzadeh A, Arasteh P, et al. The Shiraz Breast Cancer Registry (SBCR): study design and primary reports. Per Med. 2018;15(6):471-9. [DOI:10.2217/pme-2018-0047] [PMID]
29. Dolatkhah R, Somi MH, Jafarabadi MA, Hosseinalifam M, Sepahi S, Belalzadeh M, et al. Breast Cancer Survival and Incidence: 10 Years Cancer Registry Data in the Northwest, Iran. Int J Breast Cancer. 2020;2020:1963814. [DOI:10.1155/2020/1963814] [PMID] [PMCID]
30. Roshandel G, Ferlay J, Semnani S, Fazel A, Naeimi-Tabiei M, Ashaari M, et al. Recent cancer incidence trends and short-term predictions in Golestan, Iran 2004-2025. Cancer Epidemiol. 2020;67:101728. [DOI:10.1016/j.canep.2020.101728] [PMID]
31. Bab S, Abdifard E, Elyasianfar S, Mohammadi P, Heidari M. Time trend analysis of breast cancer in Iran and its six topographical regions: a population-based study. J Med Life. 2019;12(2):140-9. [DOI:10.25122/jml-2018-0087] [PMID] [PMCID]
32. Ataeinia B, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Shabani M, Gohari K, Sheidaei A, Rezaei N, et al. National and Subnational Incidence, Mortality, and Years of Life Lost Due to Breast Cancer in Iran: Trends and Age-Period-Cohort Analysis Since 1990. Front Oncol. 2021;11:561376. [DOI:10.3389/fonc.2021.561376] [PMID] [PMCID]
33. Khanali J, Kolahi AA. National and Subnational Cancer Incidence for 22 Cancer Groups, 2000 to 2016: A Study Based on Cancer Registration Data of Iran. J Cancer Epidemiol. 2021;2021:6676666. [DOI:10.1155/2021/6676666] [PMID] [PMCID]
34. Rahimzadeh S, Burczynska B, Ahmadvand A, Sheidaei A, Khademioureh S, Pazhuheian F, et al. Geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in female breast cancer incidence and mortality in Iran: A Bayesian spatial analysis of registry data. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248723. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0248723] [PMID] [PMCID]
35. Foroozani E, Ghiasvand R, Mohammadianpanah M, Afrashteh S, Bastam D, Kashefi F, et al. Determinants of delay in diagnosis and end stage at presentation among breast cancer patients in Iran: a multi-center study. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21477. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-78517-6] [PMID] [PMCID]
36. Ghanbari A, Rahmatpour P, Hosseini N, Khalili M. Social Determinants of Breast Cancer Screening among Married Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Res Health Sci. 2020;20(1):e00467. [DOI:10.34172/jrhs.2020.02] [PMID] [PMCID]
37. Rezaeimanesh M, Solhi M, Azar FEF, Sajjadi H, Rafiey H, Nejad FN, et al. Determinants of mammography screening in Tehranian women in 2018 based on the health belief model: A cross-sectional study. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10(1):119.
38. Rafiemanesh H, Salehiniya H, Lotfi Z. Breast Cancer in Iranian Woman: Incidence by Age Group, Morphology and Trends. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(3):1393-7. [DOI:10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3.1393] [PMID]
39. Zahmatkesh B, Keramat A, Alavi N, Khosravi A, Kousha A, Motlagh AG, et al. Breast Cancer Trend in Iran from 2000 to 2009 and Prediction till 2020 using a Trend Analysis Method. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(3):1493-8. [DOI:10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3.1493] [PMID]
40. Akbari ME, Sayad S, Sayad S, Khayamzadeh M, Shojaee L, Shormeji Z, et al. Breast Cancer Status in Iran: Statistical Analysis of 3010 Cases between 1998 and 2014. Int J Breast Cancer. 2017;2017:2481021. [DOI:10.1155/2017/2481021] [PMID] [PMCID]
41. Jansen L, Holleczek B, Kraywinkel K, Weberpals J, Schroder CC, Eberle A, et al. Divergent Patterns and Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Survival Among Older Women in Germany and the United States. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(9):E2419. [DOI:10.3390/cancers12092419] [PMID] [PMCID]
42. Richardson LC, Henley SJ, Miller JW, Massetti G, Thomas CC. Patterns and Trends in Age-Specific Black-White Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality - United States, 1999-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(40):1093-8. [DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6540a1] [PMID]
43. Ginsburg O, Bray F, Coleman MP, Vanderpuye V, Eniu A, Kotha SR, et al. The global burden of women's cancers: a grand challenge in global health. Lancet. 2017;389(10071):847-60. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31392-7] [PMID]
44. Ahmadi A, Ramazani R, Rezagholi T, Yavari P. Incidence pattern and spatial analysis of breast cancer in Iranian women: Geographical Information System applications. East Mediterr Health J. 2018;24(4):360-7. [DOI:10.26719/2018.24.4.360] [PMID]
45. Mahdavifar N, Pakzad R, Ghoncheh M, Pakzad I, Moudi A, Salehiniya H. Spatial Analysis of Breast Cancer Incidence in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(S3):59-64. [DOI:10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.S3.59] [PMID]
46. Fazel A, Hasanpour-Heidari S, Salamat F, Rajaie S, Kazeminezhad V, Naeimi-Tabiei M, et al. Marked increase in breast cancer incidence in young women: A 10-year study from Northern Iran, 2004-2013. Cancer Epidemiol. 2019;62:101573. [DOI:10.1016/j.canep.2019.101573] [PMID]
47. Somi MH, Dolatkhah R, Sepahi S, Belalzadeh M, Sharbafi J, Abdollahi L, et al. Cancer incidence in the East Azerbaijan province of Iran in 2015-2016: results of a population-based cancer registry. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1266. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-018-6119-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
48. Ahmadi A, Salehi F, Ahmadimirghaed Z. Cancer trends in a province of Southwest of Iran, 2003-2016. J Res Med Sci. 2018;23:80. [DOI:10.4103/jrms.JRMS_68_18] [PMID] [PMCID]
49. Abedi G, Janbabai G, Moosazadeh M, Farshidi F, Amiri M, Khosravi A. Survival Rate of Breast Cancer in Iran: A Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(10):4615-21.
50. Hassanipour S, Maghsoudi A, Rezaeian S, Arab-Zozani M, Mokhtari AM, Abdzadeh E, et al. Survival Rate of Breast Cancer in Eastern Mediterranean Region Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Glob Health. 2019;85(1):138. [DOI:10.5334/aogh.2521] [PMID] [PMCID]
51. Meshkat M, Baghestani AR, Zayeri F, Khayamzadeh M, Akbari ME. Survival Rate and Prognostic Factors among Iranian Breast Cancer Patients. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(2):341-50. [DOI:10.18502/ijph.v49i2.3102] [PMID] [PMCID]
52. Ziaei JE, Sanaat Z, Asvadi I, Dastgiri S, Pourzand A, Vaez J. Survival analysis of breast cancer patients in northwest Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(1):39-42. [DOI:10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.1.39] [PMID]
53. Liu H, Xu WD, Shang ZH, Wang XD, Zhou HY, Ma KW, et al. Breast Cancer Molecular Subtype Prediction on Pathological Images with Discriminative Patch Selection and Multi-Instance Learning. Front Oncol. 2022;12:858453. [DOI:10.3389/fonc.2022.858453] [PMID] [PMCID]
54. Marino N, German R, Podicheti R, Rusch DB, Rockey P, Huang J, et al. Aberrant epigenetic and transcriptional events associated with breast cancer risk. Clin Epigenetics. 2022;14(1):1-7. [DOI:10.1186/s13148-022-01239-1] [PMID] [PMCID]
55. Lakeman IMM, Hilbers FS, Rodriguez-Girondo M, Lee A, Vreeswijk MPG, Hollestelle A, et al. Addition of a 161-SNP polygenic risk score to family history-based risk prediction: impact on clinical management in non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer families. J Med Genet. 2019;56(9):581-9. [DOI:10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106072] [PMID]
56. Farnoosh G, Saeedi-Boroujeni A, Jalali A, Keikhaei B, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. Polymorphisms in genes involved in breast cancer among iranian patients. Per Med. 2021;18(2):153-69. [DOI:10.2217/pme-2020-0003] [PMID]
57. Moghbeli M. Genetic and molecular biology of breast cancer among Iranian patients. J Transl Med. 2019;17(1):218. [DOI:10.1186/s12967-019-1968-2] [PMID] [PMCID]
58. Rostami P, Zendehdel K, Shirkoohi R, Ebrahimi E, Ataei M, Imanian H, et al. Gene Panel Testing in Hereditary Breast Cancer. Arch Iran Med. 2020;23(3):155-62.
59. Ebrahimi E, Sellars E, Shirkoohi R, Harirchi I, Ghiasvand R, Mohebbi E, et al. The NCCN Criterion "Young Age at Onset" Alone is Not an Indicator of Hereditary Breast Cancer in Iranian Population. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2019;12(11):763-70. [DOI:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-19-0056] [PMID]
60. Khalili-Tanha G, Barzegar A, Nikbakhsh N, Ansari-Pirsaraei Z. Association of CYP1A1 M2 (A2455G) Polymorphism with Susceptibility to Breast Cancer in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran: A Case-control Study. Int J Prev Med. 2019;10(1):92. [DOI:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_57_18] [PMID] [PMCID]
61. Khalili-Tanha G, Sebzari A, Moodi M, Hajipoor F, Naseri M. Mutations analysis of BRCA1 gene in patients with breast cancer in South Khorasan province, East Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019;33:105. [DOI:10.47176/mjiri.33.105] [PMID] [PMCID]
62. Fattahi MJ, Mojtahedi Z, Karimaghaee N, Talei AR, Banani SJ, Ghaderi A. Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in southern Iranian Breast cancer patients. Arch Iran Med. 2009;12(6):584-7.
63. Yassaee VR, Zeinali S, Harirchi I, Jarvandi S, Mohagheghi MA, Hornby DP, et al. Novel mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Iranian women with early-onset breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2002;4(4):R6. [DOI:10.1186/bcr443] [PMID] [PMCID]
64. Hajiebrahimi Z, Mahmoodi G, Abedi G. Care management process of breast cancer in primary health-care system, Golestan Province, Iran, 2013-2014. J Family Med Prim Care. 2017;6(4):798-802. [DOI:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_220_16] [PMID] [PMCID]
65. Joulaei H, Zarei N. Women's Cancer Care in Iran. Cancer Control. 2019;26(1):1-3. [DOI:10.1177/1073274819848432] [PMID] [PMCID]
66. Kardan-Souraki M, Moosazadeh M, Khani S, Hamzehgardeshi Z. Factors Related to Breast Cancer Screening in Women in the Northern Part of Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(4):637-42. [DOI:10.3889/oamjms.2019.045] [PMID] [PMCID]
67. Izanloo A, Ghaffarzadehgan K, Khoshroo F, Erfani Haghiri M, Izanloo S, Samiee M, et al. Knowledge and attitude of women regarding breast cancer screening tests in Eastern Iran. Ecancermedicalscience. 2018;12:806-. [DOI:10.3332/ecancer.2018.806] [PMID] [PMCID]
68. Primm KM, Zhao H, Hernandez DC, Chang S. A contemporary analysis of racial and ethnic disparities in diagnosis of early stage breast cancer and stage-specific survival by molecular subtype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2022;31(6):1185-94. [DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-22-0020] [PMID]
69. Ye T, Li J, Feng J, Guo J, Wan X, Xie D, et al. The subtype-specific molecular function of SPDEF in breast cancer and insights into prognostic significance. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25(15):7307-20. [DOI:10.1111/jcmm.16760] [PMID] [PMCID]
70. Sun N, Gao P, Li Y, Yan Z, Peng Z, Zhang Y, et al. Screening and Identification of Key Common and Specific Genes and Their Prognostic Roles in Different Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:619110. [DOI:10.3389/fmolb.2021.619110] [PMID] [PMCID]
71. Makhijani RK, Raut SA, Purohit HJ. Identification of common key genes in breast, lung and prostate cancer and exploration of their heterogeneous expression. Oncol Lett. 2018;15(2):1680-90. [DOI:10.3892/ol.2017.7508] [PMID] [PMCID]
72. Jafarinejad-Farsangi S, Moazzam-Jazi M, Naderi Ghale-Noie Z, Askari N, Miri Karam Z, Mollazadeh S, et al. Investigation of genes and pathways involved in breast cancer subtypes through gene expression meta-analysis. Gene. 2022;821:146328. [DOI:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146328] [PMID]
73. Jia R, Li Z, Liang W, Ji Y, Weng Y, Liang Y, et al. Identification of key genes unique to the luminal a and basal-like breast cancer subtypes via bioinformatic analysis. World J Surg Oncol. 2020;18(268). [DOI:10.1186/s12957-020-02042-z] [PMID] [PMCID]
74. Stewart AFR, Chen HH. Revisiting the MMTV Zoonotic Hypothesis to Account for Geographic Variation in Breast Cancer Incidence. Viruses. 2022;14(3):559. [DOI:10.3390/v14030559] [PMID] [PMCID]
75. Shoemaker ML, White MC, Wu M, Weir HK, Romieu I. Differences in breast cancer incidence among young women aged 20-49 years by stage and tumor characteristics, age, race, and ethnicity, 2004-2013. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018;169(3):595-606. [DOI:10.1007/s10549-018-4699-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
76. Moorthie S, de Villiers CB, Burton H, Kroese M, Antoniou AC, Bhattacharjee P, et al. Towards implementation of comprehensive breast cancer risk prediction tools in health care for personalised prevention. Prev Med. 2022;159:107075. [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107075] [PMID]
77. Saghatchian M, Abehsera M, Yamgnane A, Geyl C, Gauthier E, Helin V, et al. Feasibility of personalized screening and prevention recommendations in the general population through breast cancer risk assessment: results from a dedicated risk clinic. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2022;192(2):375-83. [DOI:10.1007/s10549-021-06445-8] [PMID] [PMCID]
78. Pons-Rodriguez A, Marzo-Castillejo M, Cruz-Esteve I, Galindo-Ortego G, Hernandez-Leal MJ, Rue M. [Moving toward personalized breast cancer screening: The role of Primary Care]. Aten Primaria. 2022;54(5):102288. [DOI:10.1016/j.aprim.2022.102288] [PMID] [PMCID]
79. Laza-Vasquez C, Hernandez-Leal MJ, Carles-Lavila M, Perez-Lacasta MJ, Cruz-Esteve I, Rue M, et al. Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of a Personalized Breast Cancer Screening Program: Views of Spanish Health Professionals. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(3). [DOI:10.3390/ijerph19031406] [PMID] [PMCID]
80. Raat HPJ, Lobbes MBI, Veldhuis WB. [Are The Netherlands ready for personalized breast cancer screening? Abbreviated breast MRI and contrast-enhanced mammography for screening in women with dense breasts]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2021;165:D5936-.
81. Nikpour M, Hajian-Tilaki K, Bakhtiari A. Risk Assessment for Breast Cancer Development and Its Clinical Impact on Screening Performance in Iranian Women. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:10073-82. [DOI:10.2147/CMAR.S229585] [PMID] [PMCID]
82. Rezaianzadeh A, Sepandi M, Rahimikazerooni S. Assessment of Breast Cancer Risk in an Iranian Female Population Using Bayesian Networks with Varying Node Number. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(11):4913-6.
83. Yasrebi H. Comparative study of joint analysis of microarray gene expression data in survival prediction and risk assessment of breast cancer patients. Brief Bioinform. 2016;17(5):771-85. [DOI:10.1093/bib/bbv092] [PMID] [PMCID]
)
